Turkey’s next move could be to destabilise Moscow’s nominal ally Armenia in the Caucasus region, showing how weak the Kremlin’s positions in the South Caucasus have become, writes Nikola Mikovic.
Nikola Mikovic is a political analyst in Serbia. His work focuses mainly on the foreign policies of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, with particular attention on energy and “pipeline politics.”
While the war in Ukraine rages on, Turkey is attempting to portray itself as a bridge between Russia and the West. Such a foreign policy may help Ankara achieve some of its geopolitical goals not just in the Black Sea region but also in the Middle East and South Caucasus.
Last week, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan travelled to the Russian resort of Sochi to meet Vladimir Putin. Only 17 days earlier, the two leaders met in Tehran, where Erdoğan reportedly sought to get the green light from Russia and Iran to launch a “special military operation” in northern Syria. In Sochi, the war-ravaged nation was on the agenda again.
Putin and Erdoğan “stressed the key importance of sincere, candid and trustful relations between Russia and Turkey in achieving regional and international stability,” the two presidents said in a joint statement after a four-hour meeting. “The importance of preserving the political unity and territorial integrity of Syria was also stressed.”
Does that mean Turkey will not invade Syria once again and will give up its ambitions to create a 30-kilometre deep buffer zone in northern Syria along the Turkish border?
Before the meeting, the Kremlin called on Ankara “not to destabilise” Syria, pointing out that it is essential “not to allow any action that could jeopardise the territorial and political integrity of Syria.” Turkey sees Kurdish militants in northern Syria as a major security threat, while Russia backs Syrian President Bashar Al Assad.
But what if Ankara raises the stakes and attempts to force Moscow to make concessions to Turkey regarding Syria?
For instance, Turkey could indirectly destabilise Moscow’s nominal ally Armenia in the Caucasus region instead of destabilising Syria. Recently, Azerbaijan’s restive Nagorno-Karabakh area, where Russia has almost 2,000 peacekeeping troops, was on the brink of escalation. The Azeri Defense Ministry accused Armenian-backed Nagorno-Karabakh troops of targeting its army positions in the district of Lachin, which is under the supervision of a Russian peacekeeping force. After that, Azerbaijan, which is rich in oil and gas, reportedly took control over several strategic positions in the mountainous region.
Given that Moscow remains preoccupied with Ukraine, it is unlikely that it can help Armenia if it escalates in the South Caucasus. Azerbaijan, on the other hand, is firmly backed by Turkey. The two countries established allied relations in 2021, which means that Ankara could use the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict to put pressure on the Kremlin to turn a blind eye to potential Turkish actions in northern Syria.
From Turkey’s perspective, such a move would perfectly illustrate how weak the Kremlin’s positions in Syria and the South Caucasus have become. At the same time, it would clearly show that Moscow would have a tough time preserving its influence in both regions. Indeed, due to Russia’s isolation in the global arena, Erdoğan seems to have the upper hand over Putin, which means that the Russian leader might eventually have to make certain concessions to his frenemy.
Erdoğan, on the other hand, could use Putin as a source of leverage with the United States. The Turkish president has reportedly said that Putin proposed establishing in Russia a joint factory that would produce military drones. However, Haluk Bayraktar, the CEO of Turkey’s Baykar company which has sophisticated unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), ruled out supplying Bayraktar drones to Russia. Ukraine is currently using Bayraktar drones against Russian troops. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov denied that Putin and Erdoğan discussed the drone issue during the Sochi summit, even though he previously said the two leaders would discuss military-technical cooperation.
Whether or not they talked about Bayraktar drones, which have proved so effective in a series of other recent conflicts, Erdoğan was probably sending a message to Washington: If you continue opposing our plans to fight the Kurdish-dominated People’s Defense Units (YPG) in northern Syria, we may sell drones to Russia or build a joint drone manufacturing company with Moscow. Such an action, however, would have massive implications for Turkey’s NATO membership, especially given that Ankara’s purchase of the Russian S-400 anti-missile systems in 2019 had a severe impact on its relations with Washington. That is why Erdoğan is unlikely to risk any additional confrontation with the US and will continue trying to balance Turkey’s alliance with Washington and its economic cooperation with Russia.
Unlike other NATO allies, Ankara has not joined anti-Western sanctions, nor does it intend to stop purchasing Russian energy. Moreover, according to Russia’s Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak, Putin and Erdoğan have agreed that Ankara will start making payments for Moscow’s natural gas in roubles. In addition, despite sanctions, Bloomberg reported that Russia’s state-run nuclear power giant Rosatom recently transferred “around $5 billion” to a subsidiary in Turkey, building the $20 billion nuclear power plant in the country’s Mersin province. The Akkuyu Nuclear plant is expected to produce up to 10 per cent of Turkey’s electricity once all four reactors are in operation in 2023.
Even though Ankara remains one of Washington’s most important allies in the Middle East, it will almost certainly preserve significant autonomy in its foreign policy. It will continue developing pragmatic ties with Russia. Such a Turkish position will allow Moscow to remain an unavoidable regional actor, at least for now. In the long-term, the Kremlin, due to its isolation and a military debacle in Ukraine, could eventually become Turkey’s junior partner in a geopolitical tango that Moscow and Ankara dance from the Middle East through the Caucasus and the Black Sea region, all the way to Central Asia.
